The authors explored: (a) DCN architectures (electrical, optical, and hybrid), (b) network traffic management and characterization, (c) DCN performance monitoring, (d) network-aware resource allocation, (e) DCN experimentation techniques, and (f) energy efficiency. This survey presents significant insights to the state-of-the-art research conducted pertaining to the DCN domain along with a detailed discussion of the energy efficiency aspects of the DCNs. Serious efforts have been made to handle the problems in various DCN areas. Research community is endeavoring hard to overcome the challenges faced by the legacy Data Center Networks (DCNs). Network infrastructure being the communication backbone of the data center plays a pivotal role in the data center’s scalability, performance, energy consumption, and cost. Likewise, the concerns about the environmental impacts, energy needs, and electricity cost of data centers are also growing. Data centers are growing exponentially (in number and size) to accommodate the escalating user and application demands.

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